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Mobula munkiana Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, 1987

Munk's devil ray
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Mobula munkiana   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Mobula munkiana (Munk\
Mobula munkiana
Picture by Wirtz, P.

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(, ) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Elasmobranchii 板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Mobulidae (Devilrays)
Eponymy: Walter Heinrich Munk (1917–2019) was an Austrian-born American oceanographer. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

海洋; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 15 m (Ref. 58018). 熱帶; 32°N - 7°S, 114°W - 77°W (Ref. 114953)

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Eastern Pacific: From Gulf of California to Peru, incl. the Galapagos Is. (Ref. 130539).
東太平洋: 加州灣,厄瓜多, 與加拉巴哥群島。

大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 220 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 28023); common length : 100.0 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9256)

生物學特性     字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Pelagic species forming schools in coastal and oceanic waters, but also found near the bottom. Found singly, in small groups, or in schools (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans, but also takes small schooling fishes (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Gestation period unknown (Ref. 114953).

形成群體的大洋性魚種在海岸的與大洋性水域, 也在底部的附近發現。 各別地發現, 形成小群魚群, 否則成群.(參考文獻 12951) 主要吃浮游性甲殼動物, 也捕食小的群游性魚.(參考文獻 12951) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449)

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | | 孕卵數 | 仔魚

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).東太平洋: 加州灣,厄瓜多, 與加拉巴哥群島。

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者

McEachran, J.D. and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995. Mobulidae. Mantas, diablos. p. 759-764. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9256)

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)

  次級保育類動物, 見 IUCN 紅皮書 (VU) (A2d+3d); Date assessed: 09 November 2018

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 22.2 - 28.5, mean 23.5 °C (based on 368 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5005   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (Ref. 69278):  3.8   ±0.60 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref. 120179):  低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
價格種類 (Ref. 80766):   Medium.