Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); εύρος βάθους 10 - 155 m (Ref. 9824). Tropical; 37°N - 32°S, 35°E - 160°E
Indo-West Pacific: definitely recorded from Inhambane, Mozambique; throughout the Indian Ocean to Java, Sumatra, Viet Nam, Philippines, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and Lord Howe Island (Ref. 9824).
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 27.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 9824)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 0; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 87 - 97; Εδρικές άκανθες: 0; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 61 - 73. Distinguished by cycloid scales on the ocular side, except for upper and lower margins of body, and a shorter lower jaw (2.3 to 2.9 times in head length). Body almost circular in shape in young, becoming ovate with growth.
Rare species (Ref. 9824). Found in sandy and muddy areas of the continental shelf (Ref. 5213). Feeds on benthic animals (Ref. 9824). Most sexually dimorphic characters develop at about 8 cm SL (Ref. 9824). Marketed fresh or used in making fish meal (Ref. 9824).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Αβγά | Γονιμότητα | Προνύμφες
Hensley, D.A., 1986. Bothidae. p. 854-863. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4417)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά)
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.1 - 28.4, mean 27.1 °C (based on 860 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01047 (0.00446 - 0.02457), b=3.04 (2.86 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.37 se; based on food items.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (17 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 156 [73, 273] mg/100g; Iron = 0.971 [0.473, 1.736] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [15.9, 18.7] %; Omega3 = 0.143 [0.068, 0.285] g/100g; Selenium = 59 [29, 128] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.1 [5.8, 71.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.08 [0.71, 1.57] mg/100g (wet weight);