Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 6 - 55 m (Ref. 12260). 熱帶; 25°N - 30°S, 31°E - 155°E (Ref. 54703)
Indo-West Pacific: Indian Ocean: east coast of Africa northward from about Durban (Ref. 3509) to the Gulf of Oman (Ref. 188), including Madagascar (Ref. 188, 3509), the coasts of India and Andaman Sea (Ref. 188, 6867), and south to western Australia (Ref. 188); also South China Sea (Ref. 188), and Indonesia to northern Australia and Papua New Guinea (Ref. 188, 6867).
印度-西太平洋: 馬達加斯加, 與從南非的德爾班到阿曼灣與印度海岸。 從安達曼海到印尼與菲律賓, 向東南到阿拉弗拉海 (參考文獻 9819) ，北部與澳洲西部與巴布亞新幾內亞。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 13.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 16.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 188); common length : 13.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2871)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 16 - 19; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 34 - 42. Diagnosis: Body moderately deep, compressed, belly with strongly keeled scutes, 17-20 pre-pelvic and 8-10 post-pelvic scutes, with a total of total 25-29 scutes (Ref. 188, 6867). Eye large; lower jaw projecting; upper jaw with a toothed hypomaxillary bone between hind tip of pre-maxilla and lower bulge of maxilla blade; lower gillrakers 22-27; dorsal fin origin near midpoint of body; pelvic fins present; anal fin with 34-42 finrays; scales with upper and lower vertical striae slightly overlapping each other at centre of scales (Ref. 188). It closely resembles Pellona dayi, which has only 20-21 lower gillrakers and the vertical scale striae not meeting at centre of scale; species of Ilisha have no hypomaxilla; other pristigasterids are much more slender and lack pelvic fins (Ref. 188).
通常腹面有 18 或者 19+8 或者 9,總計 26 到 28個鱗甲, 有明顯的龍骨。 眼大的, 下頜突出的; 而且上頜有在前顎骨與顎骨葉片的低凸起的後部頂端之間的一個有齒的皮下注射-上頜骨的硬骨。 在身體中央附近的背鰭起點。 在鱗片中央鱗片有上、下垂直的陷紋些微部分重疊的彼此。
A pelagic species found in coastal areas (Ref. 2871, 6867) at depths from 6 to 36 meters (Ref. 3225); occasionally entering mangrove swamps and penetrating estuaries into freshwater (Ref. 188, 3509, 54703). Apparently fully euryhaline (Ref. 188). Marketed fresh and may be dried or salted (Ref. 5284). Regarded as an excellent bait in the tuna fishery.
出現於沿岸區域, 也進入紅樹林區域與河口 , 與淡水, 如此顯然地完全廣鹽性。 在市場上銷售生鮮地而且可能是乾燥或鹽醃.(參考文獻 5284) 在鮪魚業中被認為一個優良的誘餌了。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-西太平洋: 馬達加斯加, 與從南非的德爾班到阿曼灣與印度海岸。 從安達曼海到印尼與菲律賓, 向東南到阿拉弗拉海 (參考文獻 9819) ，北部與澳洲西部與巴布亞新幾內亞。
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 30 June 2016
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 誘餌: usually
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 26.4 - 29.1, mean 28.3 °C (based on 884 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00692 (0.00437 - 0.01096), b=3.10 (2.97 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.28-0.74).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (21 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 251 [131, 510] mg/100g; Iron = 1.98 [1.19, 3.22] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.7, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.45 [0.23, 0.83] g/100g; Selenium = 36.6 [18.5, 72.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 37.3 [15.0, 89.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.81 [1.25, 2.52] mg/100g (wet weight);
