Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري القاع; نطاق العمق 20 - 500 m (Ref. 2683). Subtropical; 57°N - 5°S, 18°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay (occasionally further north) and southwestern Mediterranean to the Strait of Gibraltar and the Gulf of Guinea, possibly even further south.
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm 15.8 range ? - 21 cm
Max length : 45.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 3397); common length : 25.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 26999)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 12; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 10 - 11; شوكة شرجية: 3; أشعه شرجية لينه: 8 - 9. Body tall, without stripes or bars. Small black spot at the pectoral fin base (Ref. 35388).
Inhabit various types of bottom but prefers gravel or rubble from 20 to about 500 m depth, abundance varying with depth according to the latitudes. Feed mainly on crustaceans and fish but also takes mollusks (Ref. 4781).
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; لعبة سمكه: نعم
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 10 - 16.8, mean 13.5 °C (based on 312 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01413 (0.01094 - 0.01824), b=3.03 (3.00 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.61 se; based on food items.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (K=0.18-0.23).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (11 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 68.6 [38.2, 132.2] mg/100g; Iron = 1.04 [0.58, 1.83] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [18.5, 21.4] %; Omega3 = 0.515 [0.289, 0.917] g/100g; Selenium = 34.8 [16.9, 64.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.6 [4.3, 38.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.672 [0.473, 0.965] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
