Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); εύρος βάθους 0 - 700 m (Ref. 50593), usually ? - 91 m (Ref. 2850). Temperate; 67°N - 35°N, 130°E - 125°W (Ref. 54599)
North Pacific: Korea and the Sea of Japan to the Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea, and Barkley Sound, Canada. Reported from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea (Ref. 28503).
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 27.3, range 21 - 32 cm
Max length : 49.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 56370); common length : 33.5 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 4883); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 1.7 kg (Ref. 56527); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 34 έτη (Ref. 55701)
Short description
Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 0; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 61 - 69; Εδρικές άκανθες: 0; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 48 - 58; Σπόνδυλοι: 39 - 40. Dorsal origin above posterior part of eye. Caudal rounded at edges. Pectorals bluntly pointed.
Adults feed on hydroids, worms, mollusks, and brittle stars (Ref. 6885). Marketed frozen and eaten fried, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Each individual spawns from 8 to 11 batches (Ref. 39301). Spawning occurs primarily in shallow water but for large females spawning may take place in waters to a depth of around 50 m (Ref. 119537). Undergoes spawning and feeding migration (Ref. 119537).
Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
αλιεία: πολύ εμπορικό; αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.2 - 6.1, mean 3.4 °C (based on 33 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00832 (0.00722 - 0.00958), b=3.08 (3.04 - 3.12), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 7.8 (6.8 - 11.0) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12
growth studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (K=0.1-0.15; tm=4-10; tmax=34; Fec=1 million).
Prior r = 0.27, 95% CL = 0.18 - 0.40, Based on 7 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (23 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12.4 [5.7, 51.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.246 [0.127, 0.464] mg/100g; Protein = 15.7 [13.4, 18.4] %; Omega3 = 0.36 [0.18, 0.74] g/100g; Selenium = 13.5 [4.6, 46.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.24 [1.88, 45.54] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.298 [0.160, 0.721] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.