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Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Citharidae (Citharids)
Etymology: Citharoides: Latin, cithara = lire like instrument + Greek, oides = similar to (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
بحري قاعية المعيشة; نطاق العمق 182 - 200 m (Ref. 5321). Deep-water; 2°S - 29°S
Western Indian Ocean: known only Kenya to Natal, South Africa.
الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 25.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 5213)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 65 - 72; شوكة شرجية: 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 45 - 50. Eyed side buff in color with dark spots or blotches on body and dorsal and anal fins; 2 black spots on peduncle at base of last dorsal and anal rays (Ref. 5321).
Found in coastal waters, over sandy and muddy bottoms (Ref. 5213).
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Nielsen, J.G., 1984. Citharidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing area 51). Vol. 1, FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9612)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.8 - 17.6, mean 14.8 °C (based on 4 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6406 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00359 - 0.02015), b=3.06 (2.85 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
المرونه (Ref.
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (15 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 43.1 [20.8, 87.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.449 [0.204, 0.877] mg/100g; Protein = 17.4 [16.0, 18.9] %; Omega3 = 0.28 [0.12, 0.61] g/100g; Selenium = 11.7 [5.2, 26.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 16 [4, 74] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.486 [0.329, 0.714] mg/100g (wet weight);
